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TIME: Almanac 1995
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<text id=90TT2152>
<title>
Aug. 13, 1990: Green Light
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
Aug. 13, 1990 Iraq On The March
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
MEDICINE, Page 61
Green Light
</hdr>
<body>
<p>Scientists stand on the brink of performing gene therapy
</p>
<p> The goal is grand--and maddeningly difficult to achieve.
Ever since Watson and Crick first deciphered the structure of
DNA in 1953, doctors have had visions of treating disease not
from the outside, with drugs or scalpels, but from the inside,
by altering the primal instructions tucked in the nucleus of
living cells.
</p>
<p> Now, after years of debate about the ethics of genetic
engineering and lengthy tests in animals, the first human
trials are about to begin. Last week two experimental
techniques passed a major regulatory hurdle, winning approval
from the National Institutes of Health's Recombinant DNA
Advisory Committee. The official go-ahead from the director of
the NIH, as well as a nod from the Food and Drug Administration,
is expected to follow within a few months for at least one of
the experiments, clearing the way for human gene treatments as
early as this fall. "This is the first step toward what will
probably be a medical revolution," said Dr. W. French Anderson,
one of the scientists whose proposal was approved. "Millions
of patients are going to be helped by this in the future."
</p>
<p> The two experiments rely on a technology that has evolved
over the past 12 years. Each uses a virus to act as a kind of
biological taxi to transport a desired gene into the nucleus
of human blood cells. In one experiment, a team led by Dr.
Steven Rosenberg proposes to treat malignant melanoma, a form
of skin cancer, with blood cells that have been genetically
altered to transform them into tiny factories for a
tumor-killing protein.
</p>
<p> The experiment proposed by Dr. Anderson is more
controversial. He would use gene therapy to treat children who
lack a key immune-system enzyme called adenosine deaminase
(ADA), leaving them vulnerable to every passing germ. Some
researchers question the wisdom of performing a novel--and
potentially dangerous--therapy on children, especially since
there is already an effective drug treatment. "There are a lot
of other diseases without therapies," says Duke University's
Dr. Michael Hershfield, an expert on ADA deficiency. "And
they're in adults who can make decisions for themselves."
</p>
<p> Thousands of inherited diseases may be linked to the
malfunctioning of specific genes. In addition, researchers are
discovering that nearly every disorder has a genetic component.
Last week the National Cancer Institute published two studies
suggesting that susceptibility to lung cancer may be associated
with a single gene.
</p>
<p> But there is no guarantee that gene therapy will be
effective against any of these illnesses. Some genes are too
big to fit inside the viral taxi. And things could go wrong.
The new genes might not "turn on" inside the body, or they
might get misplaced in the gene sequence and rather than fight
cancers, start triggering them instead. Ultimately, the only
way to see what happens is with carefully designed experiments.
As Dr. Anderson puts it, "Now we can find out if gene therapy
is really going to work."
</p>
<p>By Philip Elmer-DeWitt. Reported by Dick Thompson/Washington.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>